Introduction . The transition in the global energy landscape, moving away from conventional fossil fuels toward renewable energy sources, has underscored the imperative need for dependable technologies for efficient energy conversion and storage1 , 2. Among these technologies, Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as pivotal components within the burgeoning electric vehicle and stationary energy storage grid markets3 , 4. While LIBs have sparked transformative advance...